在Android Studio 2.2开始的Android Gradle Plugin版本中,Google集成了对cmake的完美支持,而原先的ndkBuild的方式支持也变得更加良好。这篇文章就来说说Android Gradle Plugin与交叉编译之间的一些事,即externalNativeBuild相关的task,主要是解读一下gradle构建系统相关的源码。
前言
如果你在gradle中使用过cmake,你会发现在gradle执行sync操作后,项目的module目录下就会生成一个叫.externalNativeBuild的文件夹,该文件夹用来进行C/C++代码的编译,当然,如果你用的是ndkBuild的方式,该文件夹下的文件会发生变化,文件较cmake会少很多。
cmake方式产生的文件列表如下:
而ndkBuild方式产生的文件列表如下:
他们的共同点是都有一个叫android_gradle_build.json的文件,这个文件用来被Android Gradle Plugin中的externalNativeBuild任务解析,将构建命令解析出来,然后编译C/C++代码,最后产生目标so文件。除此之外,还有x_build_command.txt和x_build_output.txt两个文件,其中x表示构建方式,使用cmake的话x就等于cmake,使用ndkBuild的话x就等于ndkBuild。x_build_command.txt文件承载着构建命令,android_gradle_build.json的生成依赖它,而x_build_output.txt文件是执行x_build_command.txt中的构建命令后控制台输出的内容。
cmake
通过查看android gradle plugin的源码,可以发现生成cmake_build_command.txt文件生成的方式其实很简单,就是一个不断拼接参数的过程,其源码在CmakeExternalNativeJsonGenerator中的getProcessBuilder,如下:
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@NonNull @Override ProcessInfoBuilder getProcessBuilder(@NonNull String abi, int abiPlatformVersion, @NonNull File outputJson) { checkConfiguration(); ProcessInfoBuilder builder = new ProcessInfoBuilder(); // CMake requires a folder. Trim the filename off. File cmakeListsFolder = getMakefile().getParentFile(); builder.setExecutable(getCmakeExecutable()); builder.addArgs(String.format("-H%s", cmakeListsFolder)); builder.addArgs(String.format("-B%s", outputJson.getParentFile())); // TODO: possibly remove the Android Gradle part. // Depends on how upstream CMake accepts our JSON patch. builder.addArgs("-GAndroid Gradle - Ninja"); builder.addArgs(String.format("-DANDROID_ABI=%s", abi)); builder.addArgs(String.format("-DANDROID_NDK=%s", getNdkFolder())); builder.addArgs( String.format("-DCMAKE_LIBRARY_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY=%s", new File(getObjFolder(), abi))); builder.addArgs( String.format("-DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=%s", isDebuggable() ? "Debug" : "Release")); builder.addArgs(String.format("-DCMAKE_MAKE_PROGRAM=%s", getNinjaExecutable().getAbsolutePath())); builder.addArgs(String.format("-DCMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_FILE=%s", getToolChainFile().getAbsolutePath())); builder.addArgs(String.format("-DANDROID_PLATFORM=android-%s", abiPlatformVersion)); if (!getcFlags().isEmpty()) { builder.addArgs(String.format("-DCMAKE_C_FLAGS=%s", Joiner.on(" ").join(getcFlags()))); } if (!getCppFlags().isEmpty()) { builder.addArgs(String.format("-DCMAKE_CXX_FLAGS=%s", Joiner.on(" ").join(getCppFlags()))); } for (String argument : getBuildArguments()) { builder.addArgs(argument); } return builder; } |
该函数的返回值为ProcessInfoBuilder,该对象专门用于携带可执行文件以及可执行文件执行时需要的参数,传递给project.exec执行。
- 设置可执行文件为cmake,调用getCmakeExecutable方法,获取cmake可执行文件,调用setExecutable方法设置它
- 拼接-H参数,其值为CMakeList.txt文件所在目录
- 拼接-B参数,其值为cmake产生的中间产物,一般就是cmake_build_command.txt所在目录的父目录,cmake构建产生的中间产物全都位于此目录。
- 拼接-G参数,其值为Android Gradle - Ninja,告诉cmake生成Android Gradle需要的项目文件,并且使用ninja构建,值得注意的是,该值在标准的cmake中是不支持的,也就是说,as使用的cmake是google修改过的,通过查看其注释 possibly remove the Android Gradle part. Depends on how upstream CMake accepts our JSON patch. 也可以看出,google可能会移除该值中Android Gradle部分,但是还是要取决于cmake如果接受google的patch。
- 设置ANDROID_ABI参数,其值为armeabi,armeabi-v7a,arm64-v8a,x86,x86_64,mips,mips64中的一个。
- 设置ANDROID_NDK参数,其值为ndk的路径。
- 设置CMAKE_LIBRARY_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY参数,其值为so的输出路径,一般其值为项目的build路径下的intermediates/cmake/debug/obj/$ANDROID_ABI
- 设置CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE参数,是否是debug,其值为Debug或者Release中的一个,debug含符号信息,so很大,便于调试,Release移除了debug信息,小很多。其值来源于build.gradle中的debuggable值。
- 设置CMAKE_MAKE_PROGRAM参数。其值为ninja路径,因为生成的是ninja构建的项目,所以需要指定其路径。该值gradle会根据sdk和ndk的路径,自动推断出。
- 设置CMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_FILE参数,该参数是cmake用于交叉编译时设置的必要参数,主要设置一些交叉编译需要的参数,如CC,CXX,AR,AS,CFLAGS,CXXFLAGS等,可以查看NDK 交叉编译常用变量,android.toolchain.cmake文件的代码在android.toolchain.cmake,兼容android-cmake,该值gradle会根据sdk和ndk的路径,自动推断出。
- 设置ANDROID_PLATFORM参数,一般设成和项目的最小api版本一样即可,gradle会通过它和minSdk查找出合适的值
- 设置可选项CMAKE_C_FLAGS参数,如果不为空,则设置,其值为编译C时的一些参数
- 设置可选项CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS参数,如果不为空,则设置,其值为编译C++时的一些参数
- 设置可选项arguments,其值为gradle传进来的arguments参数。
更多参数说明见CMake
然后将该返回值转为字符串输出到文件中,该文件即cmake_build_command.txt
其内容大致如下:
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Executable : /Users/lizhangqu/AndroidSDK/cmake/3.6.3155560/bin/cmake arguments : -Hpath/to/CMakeFiles Parent Dir -Bpath/to/moduleDir/.externalNativeBuild/cmake/debug/armeabi-v7a -GAndroid Gradle - Ninja -DANDROID_ABI=armeabi-v7a -DANDROID_NDK=/Users/lizhangqu/AndroidNDK/android-ndk-r14b -DCMAKE_LIBRARY_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY=path/to/moduleDir/build/intermediates/cmake/debug/obj/armeabi-v7a -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Debug -DCMAKE_MAKE_PROGRAM=/Users/lizhangqu/AndroidSDK/cmake/3.6.3155560/bin/ninja -DCMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_FILE=/Users/lizhangqu/AndroidNDK/android-ndk-r14b/build/cmake/android.toolchain.cmake -DANDROID_PLATFORM=android-14 -DCMAKE_C_FLAGS=-fpic -fexceptions -frtti -DCMAKE_CXX_FLAGS=-fpic -fexceptions -frtti -DANDROID_STL=c++_static jvmArgs : |
当然我们可以直接在命令行调用之,生成cmake项目结构,如下
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/Users/lizhangqu/AndroidSDK/cmake/3.6.3155560/bin/cmake \ -H"path/to/CMakeFiles Parent Dir" \ -B"path/to/moduleDir/.externalNativeBuild/cmake/debug/armeabi-v7a" \ -G"Android Gradle - Ninja" \ -DANDROID_ABI="armeabi-v7a" \ -DANDROID_NDK="/Users/lizhangqu/AndroidNDK/android-ndk-r14b" \ -DCMAKE_LIBRARY_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY="path/to/moduleDir/build/intermediates/cmake/debug/obj/armeabi-v7a" \ -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE="Debug" \ -DCMAKE_MAKE_PROGRAM="/Users/lizhangqu/AndroidSDK/cmake/3.6.3155560/bin/ninja" \ -DCMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_FILE="/Users/lizhangqu/AndroidNDK/android-ndk-r14b/build/cmake/android.toolchain.cmake" \ -DANDROID_PLATFORM="android-14" \ -DCMAKE_C_FLAGS="-fpic -fexceptions -frtti" \ -DCMAKE_CXX_FLAGS="-fpic -fexceptions -frtti" \ -DANDROID_STL="c++_static" |
其对应的gradle调用代码大致如下
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// See whether the current build command matches a previously written build command. String currentBuildCommand = processBuilder.toString(); boolean rebuildDueToMissingPreviousCommand = false; File commandFile = new File(expectedJson.getParentFile(), String.format("%s_build_command.txt", getNativeBuildSystem().getName())); |
就是将processBuilder对象中携带的参数,调用project.exec执行即可。
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String buildOutput = executeProcess(processBuilder); // Write the captured process output to a file for diagnostic purposes. File outputTextFile = new File( expectedJson.getParentFile(), String.format("%s_build_output.txt", getNativeBuildSystem().getName())); diagnostic("write build output %s", outputTextFile.getAbsolutePath()); Files.write(buildOutput, outputTextFile, Charsets.UTF_8); |
executeProcess执行完之后,就会产生cmake_build_output.txt文件,该文件就是执行cmake_build_command.txt中的命令之后控制台输出的内容。大致如下:
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-- Check for working C compiler: /Users/lizhangqu/AndroidNDK/android-ndk-r14b/toolchains/llvm/prebuilt/darwin-x86_64/bin/clang -- Check for working C compiler: /Users/lizhangqu/AndroidNDK/android-ndk-r14b/toolchains/llvm/prebuilt/darwin-x86_64/bin/clang -- works -- Detecting C compiler ABI info -- Detecting C compiler ABI info - done -- Detecting C compile features -- Detecting C compile features - done -- Check for working CXX compiler: /Users/lizhangqu/AndroidNDK/android-ndk-r14b/toolchains/llvm/prebuilt/darwin-x86_64/bin/clang++ -- Check for working CXX compiler: /Users/lizhangqu/AndroidNDK/android-ndk-r14b/toolchains/llvm/prebuilt/darwin-x86_64/bin/clang++ -- works -- Detecting CXX compiler ABI info -- Detecting CXX compiler ABI info - done -- Detecting CXX compile features -- Detecting CXX compile features - done -- Configuring done -- Generating done -- Build files have been written to: path/to/moduleDir/.externalNativeBuild/cmake/debug/armeabi-v7a |
此外,其他文件也被一并产生,如android_gradle_build.json,build.ninja,cmake_insatll.cmake,CMakeCache.txt,rules.ninja,CMakefiles文件夹等等。
而executeProcess方法,最终调用的是GradleProcessExecutor的execute方法,然后通过其内部类ExecAction的execute方法构造ExecSpec对象,调用project.exec方法执行之。其大致源码如下:
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@NonNull @Override public ProcessResult execute( @NonNull ProcessInfo processInfo, @NonNull ProcessOutputHandler processOutputHandler) { ProcessOutput output = processOutputHandler.createOutput(); ExecResult result; try { result = project.exec(new ExecAction(processInfo, output)); } finally { try { output.close(); } catch (IOException e) { project.getLogger().warn("Exception while closing sub process streams", e); } } try { processOutputHandler.handleOutput(output); } catch (final ProcessException e) { return new OutputHandlerFailedGradleProcessResult(e); } return new GradleProcessResult(result, processInfo); } private static class ExecAction implements Action<ExecSpec> { @NonNull private final ProcessInfo processInfo; @NonNull private final ProcessOutput processOutput; ExecAction(@NonNull final ProcessInfo processInfo, @NonNull final ProcessOutput processOutput) { this.processInfo = processInfo; this.processOutput = processOutput; } @Override public void execute(ExecSpec execSpec) { /* * Gradle doesn't work correctly when there are empty args. */ List<String> args = processInfo.getArgs().stream() .map(a -> a.isEmpty()? "\"\"" : a) .collect(Collectors.toList()); execSpec.setExecutable(processInfo.getExecutable()); execSpec.args(args); execSpec.environment(processInfo.getEnvironment()); execSpec.setStandardOutput(processOutput.getStandardOutput()); execSpec.setErrorOutput(processOutput.getErrorOutput()); // we want the caller to be able to do its own thing. execSpec.setIgnoreExitValue(true); } } |
json文件生成了,之后就是生产so文件了,生成so文件由ExternalNativeBuildTask负责,其主要职责就是解析出android_gradle_build.json文件中libraries的各项中的的artifactName和buildCommand,传入对应的executeProcessBatch函数,执行buildCommand中的值,执行的方式也是通过GradleProcessExecutor的execute方法,最终产生so。
我们来看看android_gradle_build.json的大致内容:
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{ "buildFiles" : [ "path/to/CMakeLists.txt" ], "cleanCommands" : [ "/Users/lizhangqu/AndroidSDK/cmake/3.6.3155560/bin/cmake --build path/to/.externalNativeBuild/cmake/debug/armeabi-v7a --target clean" ], "cppFileExtensions" : ["cpp" ], "libraries" : { "so名字-Debug-armeabi-v7a" : { "abi" : "armeabi-v7a", "artifactName" : "so名字", "buildCommand" : "/Users/lizhangqu/AndroidSDK/cmake/3.6.3155560/bin/cmake --build path/to/.externalNativeBuild/cmake/debug/armeabi-v7a --target so名字", "buildType" : "debug", "files" : [ { "flags" : "内容", "src" : "内容", "workingDirectory" : "path/to/.externalNativeBuild/cmake/debug/armeabi-v7a" }, { "flags" : "内容", "src" : "内容", "workingDirectory" : "path/to/.externalNativeBuild/cmake/debug/armeabi-v7a" }, { "flags" : "内容", "src" : "内容", "workingDirectory" : "path/to/.externalNativeBuild/cmake/debug/armeabi-v7a" } ], "output" : "path/to/build/intermediates/cmake/debug/obj/armeabi-v7a/so名字.so", "toolchain" : "12644252315582812689" } }, "toolchains" : { "12644252315582812689" : { "cCompilerExecutable" : "/Users/lizhangqu/AndroidNDK/android-ndk-r14b/toolchains/llvm/prebuilt/darwin-x86_64/bin/clang", "cppCompilerExecutable" : "/Users/lizhangqu/AndroidNDK/android-ndk-r14b/toolchains/llvm/prebuilt/darwin-x86_64/bin/clang++" } } } |
没错解析的就是libraries下”so名字-Debug-armeabi-v7a”下的artifactName和buildCommand,我们可以试试直接将buildCommand中的命令复制到命令行执行,可以看到so就会编译产生。
除了直接复制buildCommand中的命令,也可以进入到cmake生成的文件目录,即-B指定的目录,调用ninja进行构建。如:
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/Users/lizhangqu/AndroidSDK/cmake/3.6.3155560/bin/ninja clean /Users/lizhangqu/AndroidSDK/cmake/3.6.3155560/bin/ninja |
ninja是chromium的核心构建工具,可以参考Ninja - chromium核心构建工具学习下相关的内容。
而clean操作,则由ExternalNativeCleanTask负责,其主要职责就是解析出android_gradle_build.json中的cleanCommands命令,然后执行。
ndkBuild
和cmake类似,首先就是ndkBuild_build_command.txt的生成,其生成所需的关键参数由NdkBuildExternalNativeJsonGenerator中的getProcessBuilder函数和getBaseArgs函数负责,其代码如下:
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@NonNull @Override ProcessInfoBuilder getProcessBuilder(@NonNull String abi, int abiPlatformVersion, @NonNull File outputJson) { checkConfiguration(); // Discover Application.mk if one exists next to Android.mk // If there is an Application.mk file next to Android.mk then pick it up. File applicationMk = new File(getMakeFile().getParent(), "Application.mk"); ProcessInfoBuilder builder = new ProcessInfoBuilder(); builder.setExecutable(getNdkBuild()) .addArgs(getBaseArgs(abi, abiPlatformVersion, applicationMk)) // Disable response files so we can parse the command line. .addArgs("APP_SHORT_COMMANDS=false") .addArgs("LOCAL_SHORT_COMMANDS=false") .addArgs("-B") // Build as if clean .addArgs("-n"); return builder; } /** * Get the base list of arguments for invoking ndk-build. */ @NonNull private List<String> getBaseArgs(@NonNull String abi, int abiPlatformVersion, @NonNull File applicationMk) { List<String> result = Lists.newArrayList(); result.add("NDK_PROJECT_PATH=null"); result.add("APP_BUILD_SCRIPT=" + getMakeFile()); if (applicationMk.exists()) { // NDK_APPLICATION_MK specifies the Application.mk file. result.add("NDK_APPLICATION_MK=" + applicationMk.getAbsolutePath()); } // APP_ABI and NDK_ALL_ABIS work together. APP_ABI is the specific ABI for this build. // NDK_ALL_ABIS is the universe of all ABIs for this build. NDK_ALL_ABIS is set to just the // current ABI. If we don't do this, then ndk-build will erase build artifacts for all abis // aside from the current. result.add("APP_ABI=" + abi); result.add("NDK_ALL_ABIS=" + abi); if (isDebuggable()) { result.add("NDK_DEBUG=1"); } else { result.add("NDK_DEBUG=0"); } result.add("APP_PLATFORM=android-" + abiPlatformVersion); // getObjFolder is set to the "local" subfolder in the user specified directory, therefore, // NDK_OUT should be set to getObjFolder().getParent() instead of getObjFolder(). String ndkOut = getObjFolder().getParent(); if (CURRENT_PLATFORM == PLATFORM_WINDOWS) { // Due to b.android.com/219225, NDK_OUT on Windows requires forward slashes. // ndk-build.cmd is supposed to escape the back-slashes but it doesn't happen. // Workaround here by replacing back slash with forward. // ndk-build will have a fix for this bug in r14 but this gradle fix will make it // work back to r13, r12, r11, and r10. ndkOut = ndkOut.replace('\\', '/'); } result.add("NDK_OUT=" + ndkOut); result.add("NDK_LIBS_OUT=" + getSoFolder().getAbsolutePath()); for (String flag : getcFlags()) { result.add(String.format("APP_CFLAGS+=\"%s\"", flag)); } for (String flag : getCppFlags()) { result.add(String.format("APP_CPPFLAGS+=\"%s\"", flag)); } for (String argument : getBuildArguments()) { result.add(argument); } return result; } |
- 设置可执行文件为ndk-Build
- 设置NDK_PROJECT_PATH=null
- 设置APP_BUILD_SCRIPT参数,其值指向Android.mk文件
- 设置NDK_APPLICATION_MK参数,其值指向Application.mk文件(如果存在的话,不存在就不会设置该参数)
- 设置APP_ABI参数,其值为armeabi,armeabi-v7a,arm64-v8a,x86,x86_64,mips,mips64中的一个。
- 设置NDK_ALL_ABIS参数,其值等同于APP_ABI
- 设置NDK_DEBUG参数,表示十分是debug构建,debug含符号信息,so很大,便于调试,release移除了debug信息,小很多。其值来源于build.gradle中的debuggable值。
- 设置APP_PLATFORM参数,一般设成和项目的最小api版本一样即可,gradle会通过它和minSdk查找出合适的值
- 设置NDK_OUT参数,其值为obj文件产生目录,一般指向项目的build路径下的intermediates/ndkBuild/$buildType/obj目录
- 设置NDK_LIBS_OUT参数,其值为libs参数目录,用于so的存储,一般指向项目的build路径下的intermediates/ndkBuild/$buildType/lib目录
- 设置可选项APP_CFLAGS参数,如果不为空,则设置,其值为编译C时的一些参数
- 设置可选项APP_CPPFLAGS参数,如果不为空,则设置,其值为编译C++时的一些参数
- 设置可选项arguments,其值为gradle传进来的arguments参数。
- 设置APP_SHORT_COMMANDS=false
- 设置LOCAL_SHORT_COMMANDS=false
- 添加-B参数
- 添加-n参数
最终生成的文件大致内容如下:
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Executable : /Users/lizhangqu/AndroidSDK/ndk-bundle/ndk-build arguments : NDK_PROJECT_PATH=null APP_BUILD_SCRIPT=path/to/Android.mk NDK_APPLICATION_MK=path/to/Application.mk APP_ABI=armeabi NDK_ALL_ABIS=armeabi NDK_DEBUG=1 APP_PLATFORM=android-14 NDK_OUT=path/to/moduleDir/build/intermediates/ndkBuild/debug/obj NDK_LIBS_OUT=path/to/moduleDir/build/intermediates/ndkBuild/debug/lib APP_CFLAGS+="-fpic -fexceptions -frtti" APP_CPPFLAGS+="-fpic -fexceptions -frtti" APP_SHORT_COMMANDS=false LOCAL_SHORT_COMMANDS=false -B -n jvmArgs : |
同理我们也可以直接在命令行调用他们执行
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/Users/lizhangqu/AndroidSDK/ndk-bundle/ndk-build \ NDK_PROJECT_PATH=null \ APP_BUILD_SCRIPT=path/to/Android.mk \ NDK_APPLICATION_MK=path/to/Application.mk \ APP_ABI=armeabi \ NDK_ALL_ABIS=armeabi \ NDK_DEBUG=1 \ APP_PLATFORM=android-14 \ NDK_OUT=path/to/moduleDir/build/intermediates/ndkBuild/debug/obj \ NDK_LIBS_OUT=path/to/moduleDir/build/intermediates/ndkBuild/debug/lib \ APP_CFLAGS+="-fpic -fexceptions -frtti" \ APP_CPPFLAGS+="-fpic -fexceptions -frtti" \ APP_SHORT_COMMANDS=false \ LOCAL_SHORT_COMMANDS=false \ -B \ -n \ |
其代码调用过程同cmake,最终生成ndkBuild_build_output.txt,该文件内容就是调用ndkBuild_build_command.txt中的命令后控制台输出的内容。
而同cmake不同的是,android_gradle_build.json的文件,不再是由cmake构建系统产生,而是gradle解析ndkBuild_build_command.txt产生的。
其代码大致如下
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NativeBuildConfigValue buildConfig = new NativeBuildConfigValueBuilder( getMakeFile(), projectDir) .addCommands( getBuildCommand(abi, abiPlatformVersion, applicationMk), variantName, buildOutput, isWindows()) .build(); if (applicationMk.exists()) { diagnostic("found application make file %s", applicationMk.getAbsolutePath()); Preconditions.checkNotNull(buildConfig.buildFiles); buildConfig.buildFiles.add(applicationMk); } String actualResult = new GsonBuilder() .registerTypeAdapter(File.class, new PlainFileGsonTypeAdaptor()) .setPrettyPrinting() .create() .toJson(buildConfig); // Write the captured ndk-build output to JSON file File expectedJson = ExternalNativeBuildTaskUtils.getOutputJson(getJsonFolder(), abi); Files.write(actualResult, expectedJson, Charsets.UTF_8); /** * ExternalNativeBuildTaskUtils.getOutputJson * Utility function that gets the name of the output JSON for a particular ABI. */ @NonNull public static File getOutputJson(@NonNull File jsonFolder, @NonNull String abi) { return new File(getOutputFolder(jsonFolder, abi), "android_gradle_build.json"); } |
NativeBuildConfigValue的build方法如下,总而言之就是调用各个方法,获取对应的值。
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/** * Builds the {@link NativeBuildConfigValue} from the given information. */ @NonNull public NativeBuildConfigValue build() { findLibraryNames(); findToolchainNames(); findToolChainCompilers(); NativeBuildConfigValue config = new NativeBuildConfigValue(); // Sort by library name so that output is stable Collections.sort(outputs, (o1, o2) -> o1.libraryName.compareTo(o2.libraryName)); config.cleanCommands = generateCleanCommands(); config.buildFiles = Lists.newArrayList(androidMk); config.libraries = generateLibraries(); config.toolchains = generateToolchains(); config.cFileExtensions = generateExtensions(cFileExtensions); config.cppFileExtensions = generateExtensions(cppFileExtensions); return config; } |
生成的json文件内容就不贴了,同cmake。